TÜRKİYE’NİN OVALARI

Çevresine göre alçakta kalan geniş düzlüklerdir.
Delta (Kıyı) Ovaları (Alüvyon birikmesiyle oluşurlar)
Tektonik Ovası (Yer çöküntüsüyle oluşmuştur.)
Bölgeler                                                                                                   Ova Türü       Ovalar
Delta                                                                                                                     Meriç Deltası (Meriç Irmak)
Marmara
                                                                                                           Tektonik       Bursa, Adapazarı, Karacabey, Đnegöl, Balıkesir, Gönen, Susurluk, Yenişehir.
                                                                                                           Balat          (B.  Menderes  Irmağı),  K.  Menderes                                         (K.  Menderes  Irmağı),  Gediz
Delta
                                                                                                                          (Menemen) (Gediz Irmağı), Bakırçay (Bakırçay Irmağı).
Ege                                                                                                                       Manisa, Salihli, Alaşehir, Akhisar, Turgutlu, Torbalı, Ödemiş, Tire, Aydın,
              
                                                                                            Tektonik
                                                                                                                          Söke, Nazilli, Sarayköy, Soma, Kırkağaç, Simav, Afyon, Sandıklı, Kütahya.
                                                                                                           Karstik        Tavas, Çivril, Muğla
Delta                                                                                                                     Silifke (Göksu Nehri), Çukurova (Seyhan - Ceyhan Nehirleri).
Akdeniz                                                                                                    Tektonik       Kahramanmaraş, Amik, Isparta, Burdur.
                                                                                                           Karstik        Antalya, Elmalı, Acıpayam, Tefenni, Kestel, Korkuteli
Delta                                                                                                                     Bafra (Kızılırmak), Çarşamba (Yeşilırmak), Sakarya (Sakarya Irmağı).
Karadeniz
                                                                                                           Tektonik       Bolu, Düzce, Merzifon, Taşova, Suluova, Tosya, Erbaa
                                                                                                           Volkanik       Kayseri, Develi
Đç Anadolu
                                                                                                           Tektonik       Konya, Aksaray, Eskişehir, Çubuk, Yukarı Sakarya
                                                                                                           Volkanik       Erzurum, Ardahan
Doğu
Malatya, Elazığ, Erzincan, Tercan, Muş, Bingöl, Pasinler, Kağızman, Varto,
Anadolu                                                                                                    Tektonik
Iğdır, Elbistan, Malazgirt
Güneydoğu A                                                                                                Tektonik       Suruç, Ceylanpınar, Viranşehir, Harran (Altınbaşak)
Delta Ovası Oluşma Şartları: Kıta sahanlığı geniş olmalıdır. Kıyıda gel - git etkisi az veya hiç
olmaması gerekir. Dalga - akıntıların etkisi düşük olmalıdır. Akarsular bol alüvyonlar taşıması gerekir.
Karstik ovalar (çözünebilen kayaçlardan oluşması) - Volkanik ova (Lavların çukuru doldurması)









4) TÜRKĐYE’NĐN AKARSULARI: Belli yatak ve eğimle akan sulardır. Akarsuların sularını
topladığı alana “Havza”; denize ulaştıranlara “Açık Havza”, ulaştıramayana “Kapalı Havza” denir.
Türkiye’de Belli Başlı Akarsular
Türkiye’de Kapalı Havzalar
Akarsu Akımını (Debisini) Etkileyen Faktörler:
* Akarsuya düşen yağış miktarı,                                                                    * Akarsudaki buharlaşma miktarı,
* Akarsuyun geçirimliği,                                                                           * Akarsuyun beslenme durumu,
* Akarsu yatağındaki bitki örtüsü,                                                                 * Akarsuyun yatak eğimi,
* Akarsuyun vadi yapısı.
Açık Havzalar:
• Karadeniz’e Akan                                                                                 : Sakarya, Filyos, Bartın, Kızılırmak, Yeşilırmak, Doğankent, Çoruh.
• Marmara’ya Akan                                                                                  : Susurluk.
• Ege’ye Akan                                                                                      : Meriç, Bakırçay, Gediz, Küçük Menderes, Büyük Menderes.
• Akdeniz’e Akan                                                                                   : Dalaman, Manavgat, Aksu, Göksu, Seyhan, Ceyhan, Asi.
• Basra Körfeze Akan                                                                               : Fırat, Dicle.
Kapalı Havzalar:
Konya, Eber, Tuz Gölü, Göller Yöresi, Akşehir, Van Gölü, Aras, Kura.





Not: Meriç - Asi nehirler, sınır dışından gelip kendi denizlere akar. Aras - Kura - Çoruh - Zap Suyu -
Fırat - Dicle nehirleri, sınırımız dışından başka yerlere akar. En kirli akarsu Sakarya nehri; en temiz akarsu ise
Zap Suyu’dur.
Not: Akarsuyun akış hızını; yatak eğimi, debi miktarı, vadinin derinliği ve sürtünme etkiler. Fırat, Dicle,
Aras, Kura, Çoruh, Fırtına gibi nehirler ise akış hızları çok fazladır ve enerji potansiyelleri yüksektir. Bartın
çayında yalnızca taşıma yapılabilir. Türkiye’deki akarsularının çoğunun rejimleri de düzensizdir.
1. Yağmur Sularıyla Beslenenler: Yıl içinde yağmur şeklindeki yağışlarla beslenirler.
Akdeniz iklim bölgesi: K. Menderes, B. Menderes, Gediz, Bakırçay, Susurluk  - Orta
Anadolu ve Karadeniz Bölgesi akarsularının bir kısmı. Sel rejimli akarsular; en çok Đç
Anadolu’da görülürler.
2.  Buz                                                                                                              -  Kar  Sularıyla  Beslenenler:  Yüksek  yerdeki  akarsularda  görülür.  Kış
mevsiminde kar yağışından debi düşer; ilkbaharda kar erimelerinden de debisi artar. Doğu
Beslenme                                                                                                             Karadeniz dağları, Doğu Anadolu ve Toros’lardan kaynağı alan akarsular: Fırat, Dicle, Aras,
Kaynaklarına                                                                                                         Kura, Çoruh, Seyhan, Ceyhan, Kızılırmak, Yeşilırmak.
Göre                                                                                                                 3. Kaynak Sularıyla Beslenenler: Yer altı sularıyla desteklenirler ve kurak zamanlarda
Akarsular                                                                                                            bile debileri fazla değişmezler. Akdeniz Bölgesi: Manavgat - Düden Çayı (karstik yer).
4. Göl Sularıyla Beslenenler: Göl seviyesindeki değişime göre beslenirler. Beyşehir
Gölünden  çıkan  Çarşamba  suyu,  Eğirdir  Gölünden  çıkan  Kovada  suyu  örnektir.  Bu
akarsulara gölün “gidegen”i denir ve suları tatlıdır.
5. Karma Rejimli Akarsular: Farklı iklimlerden, farklı kaynaklarla beslenen, havzası
geniş akarsulardır. Rejimleri karmadır ve belirsizdir. Yıl içinde farklılıklar görülür. Fırat,
Dicle, Kızılırmak, vb. Rejimi en düzenli olanlar Karadeniz Bölgesi’ndedir. (düzenli yağış)
Akarsu Vadilerinin Yerşekilleri Đle Oluşumu:
• Yükseltinin fazla olduğu yerlerde                                                                                  : Çentik vadi
• Karstik arazinin fazla olduğu yerlerde                                                                             : Kanyon vadi
• Sıradağları dik kesen yerlerde                                                                                     : Boğaz vadi
• Eğimin az olduğu yerlerde                                                                                          : Alüvyal tabanlı vadi
• Eğimin az, büklümler çizerek akan yerlerde                                                                         : Menderes (büklüm) vadi (ege bölgesi)
• Sel sularının eğimli yüzeyleri aşındırdığı yerlerde                                                                : Peribacaları, volkanik tüfler.
• Akarsu ile dış kuvvetlerin yeryüzü aşındırması                                                                     : Peneplen (yontukdüz)
Akarsuların Biriktirme Şekilleri:
1. Delta: Akarsuların taşıdığı alüvyonları deniz veya göl kıyılarında biriktirmesidir.
2. Birikinti Konisi: Akarsu yatak eğimin azaldığı dağ eteğinde alüvyonları biriktirmesidir. Bu konilerinin
zamanla gelişip büyümesiyle “dağ eteği ovası” oluşur.
3. Dağ Đçi Ovası: Etrafı dağlarla çevrili alanlarda akarsu - yamaç sularının taşıdığı alüvyonların zeminde
birikmesiyle oluşan düzlüklerdir. Seki (taraca), ırmak adası ve taban seviyesi ovası gibi biriktirme şekilleri de
bulunur.





5) TÜRKĐYE’NĐN GÖLLERĐ: Çanaklarda, çukurlarda biriken sulardır.
14




Yapay göller de barajlardır. Enerji, sulama gibi birçok yerlerde kullanılabilir. (GAP-Atatürk Brj.)





Doğal Göller                                                                                                             Doğal Set Gölleri
Bölgeler
                                                                                                                         Tektonik                                                                                       Krater   Karstik   Buzul       Heyelan      Alüvyal    Kıyı        Lav   Yapay
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       Tortum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       Sera
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 Almus
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       Abant
Karadeniz                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Kaçkar                                                Derbent
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       Yedigöller
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 Sarıyar
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       Zinav
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       Sülük
                                                                                                                         Đznik
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               B.Çekmece
                                                                                                                         Kuş Gölü                                                                                                                                                                Ömerli
Marmara                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        K.Çekmece
                                                                                                                         Ulubat                                                                                                                                                                  Çayören
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               Durusu
                                                                                                                         Sapanca
                                                                                                                         Simav                                                                                                                                      Çamiçi                       Kemer
Ege
                                                                                                                         Karamuk                                                                                                                                    Marmara                      Adıgüzel
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 Seyhan
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 Kovada
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 Oymapınar
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 Suğla
                                                                                                                         Burdur                                                                                                            Bolkar                                                Manavgat
Akdeniz                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Kestel                             Köyceğiz
                                                                                                                         Acıgöl                                                                                                            Aladağlar                                             Aslantaş
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 Salda
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 Berke
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 Avlan
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 Sır
Tuz
Akşehir                                                                                                                  Hirfanlı
Eymir
Đç Anadolu                                                                                                               Eber                                                                                           Meke                           Porsuk
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           Mogan
                                                                                                                         Seyfe                                                                                                                         Kesikköprü
                                                                                                                         Çavuşçu
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       Van
Doğu                                                                                                                     Hazar                                                                                                   Bingöl                Keban
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Nemrut                         Erçik
Anadolu                                                                                                                  Çıldır                                                                                                  Munzur                Karakaya
Nazik
Đnekli                                                                                                                   Atatürk
G. D.
Azaplı                                                                                                                   Kıralkızı
Anadolu
Gölbaşı                                                                                                                  Ilısu
Not: Doğal gölün en az bulunduğu bölge G. D. Anadolu. (Şiddetli buharlaşma, sade şekiller.)
Not: Bazı göller birden fazla unsurla oluştu: Karstik  - Tektonik Göller  (Beyşehir, Eğirdir Gölleri); Tektonik  -
Alüvyal Göller (Sapanca Gölü). Tuz Gölü; yıl boyunca suların en çok değişme gösterdiği göldür. Van Gölü; geniş - derin
olmasından ötürü taşımacılık ve ulaşım yapılan tek göldür.
6) TÜRKĐYE’NĐN KIYI TĐPLERĐ:
Kıyı Tipi                                                                                                                Görüldüğü Yerler
Boyuna kıyılar                                                                                                           Karadeniz - Akdeniz kıyıları (Dağların kıyıya paralel uzanması)
Enine kıyılar                                                                                                            Ege kıyıları (Dağların kıyıya dik uzanması)
Dalmaçya kıyılar                                                                                                         Kaş (Finike) - Antalya arası
Ria kıyılar                                                                                                              Đstanbul - Çanakkale Boğazı, Menteşe Yöresi
Limanlı kıyılar                                                                                                          Küçük - Büyük Çekmece bölgesi
Haliç - Wat kıyılar                                                                                                      Ülkemizde görülmez. ( Skayer - Fyord k.)
Örtü buzullar                                                                                                            Yüksek dağ zirvelerinde görülür. Genelde ülkemizde görülmez.
Tombolo                                                                                                                  Kapıdağ Yarımadası (Adanın kıyı okuyla kıyıya bağlanması)
Falez (Yalıyar)                                                                                                          Doğu - Batı Karadeniz Bölümü - Antalya Bölümü (dalgaların aşındırdığı kıyılardaki diklikler)