İSLAM KÜLTÜR VE MEDENİYETLERİ

TÜRK - İSLAM KÜLTÜR VE MEDENiYETLERi
                                                     islamiyet’ten Önce Devletler                                                                                                                                                                               islamiyet’ten Sonra Devletler
                                                     • Egemenlik kaynağı Tanrı - Gök Tanrı’dır. (Kut inancı)                                                                                                                                                    • Egemenlik kaynağı Abbasi halifesidir, Tanrısal.
                                                     • Ülke hanedanın ortak malıdır. (Hükümdar)                                                                                                                                                                 • Ülke hanedanın ortak malıdır. (Hükümdar ailesi)
• Federal (doğu - batı) yönetim vardır.                                                                                                                                                                                                                         • Gazneliler dışında federal yapı yoktur.
• Kurultay çok etkilidir.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       • Divan teşkilatı (Kurultaya göre etkisizdir) vardır.
          
                                          • Hükümdar yetkilerini; Töre ve Kurultay kısıtlar.                                                                                                                                                         • Hükümdar yetkilerini; Şer-i Hukuk- Gelenek kısıtlar.
                                                     • Ordu - Millet anlayışı vardır. (Ücretsiz ordular)                                                                                                                                                        • Ücretli ordular (Gulam, Hassa, vb) yaygındır.
• Hukuk, törelere göre şekillenir.                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Örf-i - Şer-i Kurallar, hukuk sisteminde etkilidir.
Devlet Teşkilatı:
                                                                                                                                                             DEVLET TEŞKĐLATI
                                                     1. Merkez Yönetimi                                                                                                                                                                                         2. Ülke Yönetimi
a. Sultan                                            b. Divan                                                                                                                                                                                                   a. Melik - Atabey                                                 b. Valiler (Şıhne, Amid)
Hükümdarlık Unvanları                                                                                                                                        Hakan, Han, Bey, Đlig, Buğra, Nasr, Kara, Kadir, Melik, Sultan, Şahinşah, Padişah
                                                     • Hutbe (Dua),                                                                                          • Sancak,                                                                                          • Nevbet (Davul),                                                 • Asa,
                                                     • Sikke (Para),                                                                                         • Saltanat Çadırı,                                                                                 • Hilat (Giysi),                                                  • Tuğ,
Hükümdarlık Sembolleri
                                                     • Alem (Bayrak),                                                                                        • Tuğra (Sultan Đmza),                                                                             • Çetr (Şemsiye),                                                 • Arma,
                                                     • Menşur (Dini onay),                                                                                   • Taht,                                                                                            • Unvan,                                                          • Kılıç Kuşanmak.
Naib                                                                                                                                                         Tolunoğlu - Akşitler zamanı hükümdarların çocuk yaşta olmasından dolayı devleti yöneten yetkili.
Divan-ı Saltanat                                                                                                                                             Büyük Selçuklu Dönemi devlet meselelerin görüşüldüğü kuruldur.
Atabey                                                                                                                                                       Selçuklularda meliklerin iyi bir yönetici olarak yetiştirilmesini sağlayan görevlilerdir.
Şıhne                                                                                                                                                        Eyalet - vilayetlerin başında bulunan idari - askeri yetkilidir.
Hacip                                                                                                                                                        Sultan ile diğer devlet yöneticilerin yazışma ve görüşmelerini yapar.
Amil                                                 Vilayetlerin vergisini toplayan kişidir.
Amid                                                 Vilayetlerde yönetimden sorumlu sivil görevlilerdir.
Muhtesip                                                                                                                                                     Vilayetlerdeki ticari hayatın düzenlenmesi ve belediye çalışmalarından sorumludur.
1. Divan-ı Berid                                                                                                                                             Posta ve haberleşme işleri
2. Emr-i Dad                                                                                                                                                 Adalet işleri
Büyük                                                3. Divan-ı Đstifa (Müstevfi)                                                                                                                                                                               Mali ve Vergi gelirlerle ilgili işler
Selçuklu                                             4. Divan-ı Arz (Emr-i Arz)                                                                                                                                                                                 Ordu ve Askeri ile ilgili işler
Devleti                                              5. Divan-ı Tuğra (Emr-i Tuğra)                                                                                                                                                                             Đç ve dış yazışmalarla ile ilgili işler
Büyük                                                6. Divan-ı Đşraf (Müşrif)                                                                                                                                                                                  Mali denetim ile ilgili işler (Gelir ve giderler)
Divan                                                a. Niyabet-i Saltanat
7. Diğer Divanlar                                    b. Kabz-ı Divan
                                                     c. Mezalim Divanı                                                                                                                                                                                          Hükümdarın başkanlık ettiği yüksek mahkeme (ağır siyasi suç)
                                                                                                                                                             ÜLKE YÖNETĐMĐ
SĐYASĐ YÖNETĐCĐ                                      MALĐ YÖNETĐCĐ                                                                                                                                                                                              DĐN GÖREVLĐSĐ                                                     YARGI GÖREVLĐSĐ
Melik, Şıhne                                         Amid, Amil                                                                                                                                                                                                 Hatip                                                             Kadı
                                                                                                                                                             HUKUK SĐSTEMĐ
                                                     A. ŞER-Đ HUKUK                                                                                                                                                                                             B. ÖRF-Đ HUKUK
• Đslam kuralları oluşturur.
• Davalara “kadılar” bakarlar.                                                                                                                               • Töreler hukukudur.
                                                     • Kadılara baskı uygulanamaz, yargılanamazdı.                                                                                                                                                              • Davalara “Emir-i Dad” bakardı.
                                                     • Miras,   Boşanma,   Evlenme,   Vakıflar,   Ticaret                                                                                                                                                       • Ülke güvenliğini bozanlar ve kanuna karşı gelenler bu hukukla
Meseleleri konuları kapsamındadır.                                                                                                                           yargılanırdı.
                                                     • Divan   üyeleri   ile   veziri   yargılayabilir   veya                                                                                                                                                   • Askeri davalardan “Kadı-i Leşker” sorumludur.
tutuklayabilirdi. (Divan üyeler yargılanabilirdi.)
Ulak                                                 Haberleşme ve posta işlerinden sorumludur.
                                                     Bir yerin vergi gelirinin ihaleye çıkarılması, ihaleyi alan mültezimin de devlete peşin ödeme yapması
Đltizam
usulüdür.
Dirlik                                               Devlet görevlilerine yaptıkları görevler karşısında verilen topraklardır.
19
TARĐH - 2012                                        




Selçuklu Devleti Ordu, Yönetim, Vergileri
BÜYÜK SELÇUKLU DEVLETĐ ORDUSU
1. MERKEZ ORDU                                                                                                           2. EYALET (TAŞRA) ORDUSU                                                             3. YARDIMCI KUVVETLER
A. Guleman-ı Saray Ordusu                                                                                                Đkta Ordusu
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Bağlı devlet - beylik askerleri,
Farklı  milletlerin  çocukların,  küçük
                                                                                                                         Meliklerin    emrinde    olan,    ikta                                               • Türkmenler (sınır boylarında),
yaşlarda yetiştirilerek oluşturulması
                                                                                                                         toprağına bağlı askerlerdir.                                                         • Gönüllüler.
B. Hassa Ordusu
                                                                                                                         En kalabalık ordudur.
Esir edilen- satın alınan gençlerden
                                                                                                                         Tamamı atlıdır.                                                                      Ordu komutanına “Subaşı” denir.
oluşurlar. Sultana bağlı ordudur.
Đlk Türk - Đslam Devletleri’nde Ordular
Karahanlı Ordusu                                                                                                         Hassa Ordusu, Saray Muhafızları, Eyalet Askerleri
Gazneli Ordusu                                                                                                           Gulam Ordusu, Eyalet Ordusu, Ücretli Askerler (Bu dönemde filler de kullanıldılar)
Harzemşah Ordusu                                                                                                         Hassa Ordusu, Valilerin Askerleri, Đkta Askerler
Tolunoğlu Ordusu
Kıpçak Türkmenlerinden oluşan ordular
Akşitler Ordusu
SELÇUKLU DEVLETĐ TOPRAK YÖNETĐMĐ
Has Arazi                                                                                                                                                                                                     Đkta Arazi                                          Mülk Arazi                                                            Vakıf Arazi                                                       Haraci Arazi
• Devlete aittir.                                                                                                                                                                                             • Meliklere,   emirlere,                            • Kişiye aittir.                                                      • Gelirler,                                            hayır      • Gayrimüslim   halkın
• Gelirler,                                                                                                              doğrudan                                                                             komutanlara  görevleri                              • Topraklar  satılabilir,                                             kurumlarına                                            ve         elindeki topraklardır.
hazineye giderler.                                                                                                                                                                                            karşılığında  verilir  ve                           devredilebilir.                                                       bilimsel                                               kuruluşa   • Gelirler,              doğrudan
• Hükümdar ve ailesi,                                                                                                                                                                                         bu                                   topraklardan                                                                         gönderilir.                                                       hazineye aktarılır.
doğrudan kullanılır.                                                                                                                                                                                          gelirlerle geçinilir.                                                                                                     • Sosyal                                               hayır
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Atlı                               askerlerin                                                                           kurumlara verilir, cami
                                                                                                                                                                                                              masrafları karşılanır.                                                                                                    vb yapılar yapılır.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  VERGĐ SĐSTEMĐ
                                                                                                                         A. ŞER-Đ VERGĐLER                                                                                                                                                                                              B. ÖRF-Đ VERGĐLER
                                                                                                                         • Öşür vergisi (Müslüman çiftçilerden alınan vergi),                                                                                                                                                           • Ağnam vergisi (Küçükbaş hayvan için alınan vergi),
                                                                                                                         • Haraç vergisi (Gayrimüslim çiftçilerden alınır),                                                                                                                   • Bac vergisi (Pazar vergisi),
                                                                                                                         • Cizye vergisi (Gayrimüslimleri askerden uzak tutmak                                                                                    • Gümrük vergisi,
için alınan vergi)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Esnaf - tüccarlardan alınan vergiler.
Ahi Teşkilatı:
  Esnaf ve zanaatkârların, aralarında dayanışmayı arttırmak için oluşturdukları yapıdır.
  Ticari örgütlemedir. Đş - üretim etkinlikleri düzenleyerek ekonomik yaşam gelişime katkıda bulunur.
Büyük Selçuklu Devleti’nde Zanaatkârlık:
  Madencilik, kâğıtçılık, gümüş işletmeciliği, kumaş üretimi, seramik, silah, vb. alanda etkilidir.
  Loncalarla esnaflar örgütlendi.
Büyük Selçuklu Devleti’nde Ticaret:
  Selçuklular; bakır, gümüş, altın paralar kullandı. En çok kullanılanı; dirhem ve dinar.
  Ticareti geliştirmek için; han, ribat (kervansaray), bedesten yapımına önem verilmiştir.
KULLANILAN DĐLLER
Devletler                                                                                                                                                                                                     Resmi Dili                           Eğitim Dili    Edebiyat Dili               Saray / Ordu Dili
Karahanlılar                                                                                                             ⇒                                                                                    TÜRKÇE                               TÜRKÇE         TÜRKÇE                      TÜRKÇE
Gazneliler                                                                                                               ⇒                                                                                    FARSÇA                               ARAPÇA         FARSÇA                      TÜRKÇE
Tolunoğlu                                                                                                                ⇒                                                                                    ARAPÇA                               ARAPÇA         ARAPÇA                      TÜRKÇE
Akşitler                                                                                                                 ⇒                                                                                    ARAPÇA                               ARAPÇA         ARAPÇA                      TÜRKÇE
Selçuklular                                                                                                              ⇒                                                                                    FARSÇA                               ARAPÇA         FARSÇA                      TÜRKÇE
  Karahanlılar, ulusal kimliklerini korudular.
  Farklı dillerin kullanılmasıyla; Türkçe’nin gelişimi yavaşladı, halk - devlet arasında kopukluklar oluştu, kültürel
çatışmalar da yaşandı.