Türkiye’de İklimler

                                    Yaz               Kış                                                                                                                Etkenler
                                                                Soğuk - az                                                                                                                                                                        Kuzey  -  güney  dağlarının  kıyıya  paralel  olması,
1 KARASAL (STEP) ĐKLĐM                        Sıcak - kurak
                                                                yağışlı                                                                                                                                                                           yükseltinin fazla olmasıyla etki alanı geniştir.
                                              En sıcak - en     Soğuk - az                                                                                                                                                                        Güneydoğu  orta  ve  doğu  kesimlerinde  görülür.
1.a. G. Doğu Anadolu Step
                                              kurak             yağışlı                                                                                                                                                                           Buharlaşmanın en fazla olduğu bölgedir.


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Đki türde karasallık iklime sahiptir. Kış yağışları kar
                                                                Soğuk - uzun kış
1.b. Doğu Anadolu Step                        Serin - yağışlı                                                                                                                                                                                     şeklindedir. Kar; en erken yağıp en geç eridiği yerdir.
                                                                - serin- sert
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Yaz mevsimi yağışlı - serin geçmesinden meralar çok.
                                                                Çok uzun - sert                                                                                                    -                                                              Sert  karasal  iklime  sahiptir.  Yıllık  sıcaklık  farkı,
1.b.1 Erzurum-Kars Đklimi                     Kısa - serin
                                                                soğuk                                                                                                                                                                             donlu gün sayısı, karla örtülü gün sayısı fazladır.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  En yağışlı mevsim ilkbahar - kış; yazın kurak geçer.
1.b.2 Yarı Kurak Karasal                      Kurak             Yağışlı - soğuk                                                                                                                                                                   Ova  tabanlarında  bozkır;  yüksek  alanlarda  orman
                                                                                                                                                                                   (seyrek ağaçlılar) rastlanır.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Tuz gölü - çevresinde kuraklık belirgindir. Kenarlara
                                                                Soğuk - az                                                                                                                                                                        gidişte  bu  derece  azalır.  Yıllık                         -  günlük  sıcaklık
1.c. Đç Anadolu Step Đklimi                   Sıcak - kurak
                                                                yağışlı                                                                                                                                                                           farkları fazladır. En yağış alan bölgedir. Bitki örtüsü
Bozkır (Step)’dir. Yağışlar da düzensizdir.
1.d. Trakya Karasal Đklimi                    Sıcak             Nispeten soğuk                                                                                                     Yağış az - kurak geçmesiyle orman az, bozkır çoktu.
                                                                                                                                                                                   En az yağış yazın, en fazla yağış kışın düşer. Yağış
2 AKDENĐZ ĐKLĐMĐ                              Sıcak - kurak     Ilık - yağışlı                                                                                                     rejimi  düzensizdir.  Yağış  ortalaması  600  -1000  mm.
                                                                                                                                                                                   Bitki örtüsü maki, yıllık sıcaklık farkı 15 - 180C’dir.
                                                                Kış  mevsimi                                                                                                       00C’nin  altına  pek  düşmez.  Yayılış
                                              Sıcak - kurak
2.a. Asıl Akdeniz Đklimi                                        Ilık - yağışlı                                                                                                     alanı;  Akdeniz  kıyı  şeridi,  Ege  kıyı  kesimleri  ve
                                              (fazla)
                                                                                                                                                                                   Güneydoğu Anadolu’nun batısıdır.
                                                                                                                                                                                   Güney   Marmara   kesimleridir.   Enlem   etkisiyle
2.b. Bozulmuş Akdeniz Đklim                   Sıcak - kurak     Soğuk - yağışlı
                                                                                                                                                                                   bozulmuştur. Akdeniz’e göre sıcaklığı daha düşüktür.
                                                                                                                                                                                   Akdeniz - Karadeniz - Karasal iklim arasında geçiş
                                                                                                                                                                                   gösterir.   Kışın   Akdeniz   iklimi   kadar   ılık,   yazın
3 MARMARA ĐKLĐMĐ                              Sıcak - kurak     Ilık - yağışlı                                                                                                     Karadeniz iklimi kadar yağışlı değildir. Yağış rejimi
                                                                                                                                                                                   600 mm civarındadır ve düzensizdir. Alçak kesimlerde
                                                                                                                                                                                   makiler; üst kısımlarda Orman gibi bitkiler görülür.
                                                                                                                                                                                   En fazla yağış sonbaharda, en az yağış ilkbahardadır.
4 KARADENĐZ ĐKLĐMĐ                            Serin - yağışlı   Ilık - yağışlı                                                                                                     Kışlar kıyı kesimlerde ılık, yüksek kesimlerde karlı ve
                                                                                                                                                                                   soğuk geçer. Bağıl nem en yüksek iklim etkisindedir.
4.1 Doğu Karadeniz Đklimi                     Serin - yağışlı   Ilık - yağışlı                                                                                                     Türkiye’nin en fazla yağış alan yeri (2000-2500 mm)
4.2 Orta Karadeniz Đklimi                     Serin - yağışlı   Ilık - yağışlı                                                                                                     Bölgenin en az yağış alan yeri (700-800 mm).
                                                                Serin - kar                                                                                                        Bölgenin en soğu kesimidir. Fazla yağış alırlar (1000
4.3 Batı Karadeniz Đklimi                     Serin - yağışlı
                                                                yağışlı                                                                                                            - 1500 mm). Kuzeybatı rüzgârlardan etkilenir.
                                                                                                                                                                                   Karadeniz ile Đç Anadolu iklimi arasındaki geçişidir.
4.4 Karadeniz Ardıl Đklimi                    Serin - kurak     Serin - yağışlı                                                                                                    Maksimum  yağış  ilkbahar  sonlarına  kaymış;  yaz
                                                                                                                                                                                   ortalarında kuraklıklarda artmıştır.
                                                                En zengin orman Karadeniz’de, en fakir orman Güneydoğu Anadolu Bölgesindedir. En uzun yaz Akdeniz
                                                                bölgesinde görülür (bir yıl içinde birden fazla tarım ürünü alınabilir.). En az yağış Tuz Gölü ve çevresindedir.





Doğal Bitki Örtüsü:
Bitki Örtüsü                                                                                                  Etkileri
Çeşitli ağaçların bir arada toplandıkları yerdir. Türkiye’nin % 26’sını kaplarlar. Geniş, iğdeli ve
karışık yapraklı şeklinde sınıflandırılırlar. Orman başlangıcını; yağış, yükseltisini; sıcaklık belirler.
Karadeniz’deki ormanlar diğer bölgelere göre daha gür ve yangın riski çok azdır. Orman başlangıç
Ormanlar                                                                                                      sınırı deniz seviyesinde olduğu bölge Karadeniz’dir. Toprak erozyonunu önler. Akarsu rejimlerini
düzenler. Kâğıt, kimya ilaç ve kozmetik sanayine ham maddelik yapar. Havadaki kirliliği alır.
Karadeniz (%27); Akdeniz  (%22); Ege (%17); Marmara (%13); Doğu Anadolu (%10); Đç
Anadolu (%8); Güneydoğu Anadolu (%3) şeklinde yer kaplarlar.
Akdeniz ikliminin hakim olduğu yerlerde görülen, sert yapraklı, kuraklığa dayalı, her mevsim yeşil
ve  çalılardan  oluşan  bitki  topluluğudur.                                                                  (Makileri  oluşturan  bitkiler:  zeytin,  kocayemiş,  defne,
Makiler
mersin,  keçiboynuzu,  zakkum,  sakız,  erguvan,  sandal.)  Akdeniz,  Ege,  Marmara  bölgelerinde
görülür. Maki üst sınırı bölgeler arasında farklılaşabilir.
Akdeniz - Ege bölgelerinde makilerin tahrip edildiği bölgelerde çıkan çalı topluluğudur. (Lavanta
Garigler
çiçeği, kekik otu, katran ardıç, süpürge çalısı vb garigler.)
Psödomaki
Orman tahribatı sonucunda ortaya çıkan bitki türüdür. Karadeniz’de meydana gelir.
(Yalancı Makiler)
Karasal iklimin hakim olduğu yerlerde; ilkbahar yağışlarıyla yeşeren, yaz kuraklığıyla da saranan
bitki topluluğudur. Bu alanlarda yıllık yağış miktarı azdır. Bu nedenle ağaç yetişmez. Đç Anadolu,
Step (Bozkırlar)
Doğu Anadolu ve Güneydoğu Anadolu’da  yaygın biçimde görülür. Karadeniz iç  kısımları,
Ergene Havzası, Batı Anadolu ve Akdeniz’in iç kısımlarında da görülürler.
Antropojen Bozkır                                                                                             Ormanların tahribatından sonra yerini alan bozkırlardır. En fazla Đç Anadolu’da görülür.
Yüksek dağların üst kesimleri (orman üst sınır - kalıcı kar alt sınır arası) yetişir. Genel olarak 2000
m’den sonra başlarlar. Yılın büyük bölümü yeşil renkli kalırlar. Büyükbaş hayvancılık açısından da
Çayırlar
önemlidir. Doğu Karadeniz, Erzurum - Kars Bölümü, Toros Dağlarının yüksek kesimlerinde
görülür.
Orman Katlaşması (en alttan üstte): Geniş yapraklı orman ⇒ Karışık orman ⇒ Đğne Yapraklı Orman ⇒ Dağ Çayırı
Toprak Tipleri:
Tür                                                                                                           Toprak Tipi                                                                                        Özelliği                                                                       Bulunduğu Yerler
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Akdeniz   ikliminin   etkili   olduğu
Terra                                                                                                         Rossa                                                                                              Demirin oksitlenmesiyle rengi kırmızıdır. Kalkerli
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                yerler                                    (Güney   Marmara,   Ege                   -
                                                                                                              (Kırmızı    Renkli)                                                                                arazinin  yoğun  olduğu  yerlerde  sulama  ile  verimli
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Akdeniz kıyıları, Güneydoğu Anadolu
                                                                                                              Topraklar                                                                                          hale gelen topraktır.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                batı kesimi)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                 Ormanın yoğun olduğu yerlerde bulunur. Organik                                                                           Karadeniz  Bölgesinde  geniş  alanda
                                                                                                              Kahverengi                                                                                         madde  yönünden  zengindir  ve  verimlidir.  Doğu                                                                        (genelde    dağların    denize    dönük
                                                                                                              Orman Toprakları                                                                                   Karadeniz’de yıkanma etkisiyle kireçsiz orman tipleri                                                                    kısımları),   Marmara   bölgesinde   ve
                                                                                                                                                                                                                 yaygındır.                                                                                                               Yıldız - Samanlı dağlarında görülür.
Rengi    kiremit    kırmızısı    olup    tarım   için
Laterit Topraklar                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               Doğu Karadeniz bölgesinde görülür.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                 elverişsizdir. (Demir oksit nedeniyle)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                 Đğne  yapraklı  ormanların  geniş  yer  kapladığı,
Podzol Topraklar                                                                                              soğuk                                                                                              -  nemli  iklim  bölgelerinde  yaygındır  ve                                   Batı Karadeniz bölgesinde görülür.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                 yıkandıklarından mineral bakımından da fakirdir.
Tundra Topraklar                                                                                                                                                                                                 Soğuk iklim kuşağı topraklarıdır.                                              Türkiye’de görülmez.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Türkiye’de    yoktur;    ama    iklim
                                                                                                                                                                                                                 Şiddetli buharlaşma sonucu toprakta sert tabaka
Çöl Toprakları                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  koşulları  - tahribatlar sonucu giderek
                                                                                                                                                                                                                 meydana gelir. Tarıma elverişsizdir. Renkleri bozdur.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                bu topraklar meydana gelebilmektedir.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                 Ilıman  kuşakta,  karaların  iç  kesimlerindeki  yarı
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Đç Anadolu, Doğu Anadolu, Đç Batı
Kestane                                                                                                       Rengi                                                                                              kurak alanların toprağıdır. Tarıma çok elverişsizdir.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Anadolu  ve  Güneydoğu  Anadolu’da
(Bozkır) Topraklar                                                                                                                                                                                               (Daha çok tahıl tarımı yapılır.) Humus bakımından
                                                                                                                                                                                                                 görülürler.
                                                                                                              fakir; kireç - tuz fazla.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                 Renginden    dolayı    kara    topraktır.    Humus
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Erzurum  - Kars Bölümü  (çayırlar),
Çernozyomlar                                                                                                                                                                                                     bakımından   çok   zengindir   ve   verimlidir.   Đklim
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Doğu  Karadeniz  Bölümü  (orman  üst
(Kara Topraklar)                                                                                                                                                                                                 yüzünden    pek    değerlendirilememektedir.    Bu
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                sınır üzerinde) bulunurlar.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                 alanlarda büyükbaş hayvancılık yapılır.
Alüvyal Topraklar                                                                                                                                                                                                Akarsuların biriktirdiği topraklardır. Verimlidir.                             Deltalar, vb.
Lös Topraklar                                                                                                                                                                                                    Rüzgarların taşıyıp biriktirdiği topraklardır.                                 Đç Anadolu bölgesinde rastlanır.
Moren Topraklar                                                                                                                                                                                                  Buzulların taşıyıp biriktirdiği topraklardır.                                  Ülkemizde rastlanmaz.
Kumlu - Tüflü T.                                                                                                                                                                                                 Volkanik kül, kumların üzerinde oluşmuştur.                                    Nevşehir - Ürgüp çevresi.
Killi Topraklar                                                                                                                                                                                                  Eski göl tabanlarında oluşur. Vertisol da denir.                               Ergene, G. Marmara, Konya çevresi
Kireçli Topraklar                                                                                                                                                                                                (Killi) kireçtaşı üzerinde oluşan topraktır.                                   Ege, Akdeniz, Đç - Doğu Anadolu.
Tuzlu Topraklar